<ВАНКУВЕРСКАЯ ДЕКЛАРАЦИЯ ПРИНЦИПОВ ПО НАСЕЛЕННЫМ ПУНКТАМ, 1976> [англ.](Принята в г. Ванкувере 31.05.1976 - 11.06.1976 Конференцией ООН по населенным пунктам (ХАБИТАТ))
THE VANCOUVER DECLARATION
ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS, 1976
Habitat:
United Nations Conference on Human Settlements,
Aware that the Conference
was convened following recommendation of the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment and subsequent resolutions of the General Assembly,
particularly resolution 3128 (XXVIII) by which the nations of the world
expressed their concern over the extremely serious condition of human
settlements, particularly that which prevails in developing countries,
Recognizing that international co-operation, based on the principles of the
United Nations Charter, has to be developed and strengthened in order to provide
solutions for world problems and to create an international community based on
equity, justice and solidarity,
Recalling the decisions of the United
Nations Conference on the Human Environment, as well as the recommendations of
the World Population Conference, the United Nations World Food Conference, the
Second General Conference of the United Nations Industrial Development
Organization, the World Conference of the International Women"s Year; the
Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the sixth special session of the
General Assembly of the United Nations and the Charter of Economic Rights and
Duties of States that establish the basis of the New International Economic
Order,
Noting that the condition of human settlements largely determines
the quality of life, the improvement of which is a prerequisite for the full
satisfaction of basic needs, such as employment, housing, health services,
education and recreation,
Recognizing that the problems of human
settlements are not isolated from the social and economic development of
countries and that they cannot be set apart from existing unjust international
economic relations,
Being deeply concerned with the increasing
difficulties facing the world in satisfying the basic needs and aspirations of
peoples consistent with principles of human dignity,
Recognizing that the
circumstances of life for vast numbers of people in human settlements are
unacceptable, particularly in developing countries, and that, unless positive
and concrete action is taken at national and international levels to find and
implement solutions, these conditions are likely to be further aggravated, as a
result of:
Inequitable economic growth, reflected in the wide disparities
in wealth which now exist between countries and between human beings and which
condemn millions of people to a life of poverty, without satisfying the basic
requirements for food, education, health services, shelter, environmental
hygiene, water and energy;
Social, economic, ecological and environmental
deterioration which are exemplified at the national and international levels by
inequalities in living conditions, social segregation, racial discrimination,
acute unemployment, illiteracy, disease and poverty, the breakdown of social
relationships and traditional cultural values and the increasing degradation of
life-supporting resources of air, water and land;
World population growth
trends which indicate that numbers of mankind in the next 25 years would double,
thereby more than doubling the need for food, shelter and all other requirements
for life and human dignity which are at the present inadequately met;
Uncontrolled urbanization and consequent conditions of overcrowding, pollution,
deterioration and psychological tensions in metropolitan regions;
Rural
backwardness which compels a large majority of mankind to live at the lowest
standards of living and contribute to uncontrolled urban growth;
Rural
dispersion exemplified by small scattered settlements and isolated homesteads
which inhibit the provision of infrastructure and services, particularly those
relating to water, health and education;
Involuntary migration,
politically, racially, and economically motivated, relocation and expulsion of
people from their national homeland,
Recognizing also that the
establishment of a just and equitable world economic order through necessary
changes in the areas of international trade, monetary systems,
industrialization, transfer of resources, transfer of technology, and the
consumption of world resources, is essential for socio-economic development and
improvement of human settlement, particularly in developing countries,
Recognizing further that these problems pose a formidable challenge to human
understanding, imagination, ingenuity and resolve, and that new priorities to
promote the qualitative dimensions to economic development, as well as a new
political commitment to find solutions resulting in the practical implementation
of the New International Economic Order, become imperative:
I. Opportunities
and solutions
1. Mankind must not be daunted by the scale of the task ahead.
There is need for awareness of and responsibility for increased activity of the
national Governments and international community, aimed at mobilization of
economic resources, institutional changes and international solidarity by:
(a) Adopting bold, meaningful and effective human settlement policies and
spatial planning strategies realistically adapted to local conditions;
(b) Creating more livable, attractive and efficient settlements which recognize
human scale, the heritage and culture of people and the special needs of
disadvantaged groups especially children, women and the infirm in order to
ensure the provision of health, services, education, food and employment within
a framework of social justice;
(c) Creating possibilities for effective
participation by all people in the planning, building and management of their
human settlements;
(d) Developing innovative approaches in formulating
and implementing settlement programmes through more appropriate use of science
and technology and adequate national and international financing;
(e)
Utilizing the most effective means of communications for the exchange of
knowledge and experience in the field of human settlements;
(f)
Strengthening bonds of international co-operation both regionally and
globally;
(g) Creating economic opportunities conducive to full
employment where, under healthy, safe conditions, women and men will be fairly
compensated for their labour in monetary, health and other personal
benefits.
2. In meeting this challenge, human settlements must be seen as
an instrument and object of development. The goals of settlement policies are
inseparable from the goals of every sector of social and economic life. The
solutions to the problems of human settlements must therefore be conceived as an
integral part of the development process of individual nations and the world
community.
3. With these opportunities and considerations in mind, and
being agreed on the necessity of finding common principles that will guide
Governments and the world community in solving the problems of human
settlements, the Conference proclaims the following general principles and
guidelines for action.
II. General principles
1. The improvement of the
quality of life of human beings is the first and most important objective of
every human settlement policy. These policies must facilitate the rapid and
continuous improvement in the quality of life of all people, beginning with the
satisfaction of the basic needs of food, shelter, clean water, employment,
health, education, training, social security without any discrimination as to
race, colour, sex, language, religion, ideology, national or social origin or
other cause, in a frame of freedom, dignity and social justice.
2. In
striving to achieve this objective, priority must be given to the needs of the
most disadvantaged people.
3. Economic development should lead to the
satisfaction of human needs and is a necessary means towards achieving a better
quality of life, provided that it contributes to a more equitable distribution
of its benefits among people and nations. In this context particular attention
should be paid to the accelerated transition in developing countries from
primary development to secondary development activities, and particularly to
industrial development.
4. Human dignity and the exercise of free choice
consistent with over-all public welfare are basic rights which must be assured
in every society. It is therefore the duty of all people and Governments to join
the struggle against any form of colonialism, foreign aggression and occupation,
domination, apartheid and all forms of racism and racial discrimination referred
to in the resolutions as adopted by the General Assembly of the United
Nations.
5. The establishment of settlements in territories occupied by
force is illegal. It is condemned by the international community. However,
action still remains to be taken against the establishment of such
settlements.
6. The right of free movement and the right of each
individual to choose the place of settlement within the domain of his own
country should be recognized and safeguarded.
7. Every State has the
sovereign and inalienable right to choose its economic system, as well as its
political, social and cultural system, in accordance with the will of its
people, without interference, coercion or external threat of any kind.
8.
Every State has the right to exercise full and permanent sovereignty over its
wealth, natural resources and economic activities, adopting the necessary
measures for the planning and management of its resources, providing for the
protection, preservation and enhancement of the environment.
9. Every
country should have the right to be a sovereign inheritor of its own cultural
values created throughout its history, and has the duty to preserve them as an
integral part of the cultural heritage of mankind.
10. Land is one of the
fundamental elements in human settlements. Every State has the right to take the
necessary steps to maintain under public control the use, possession, disposal
and reservation of land. Every State has the right to plan and regulate use of
land, which is one of its most important resources, in such a way that the
growth of population centres both urban and rural are based on a comprehensive
land use plan. Such measures must assure the attainment of basic goals of social
and economic reform for every country, in conformity with its national and land
tenure system and legislation.
11. The nations must avoid the pollution
of the biosphere and the oceans and should join in the effort to end irrational
exploitation of all environmental resources, whether non-renewable or renewable
in the long term. The environment is the common heritage of mankind and its
protection is the responsibility of the whole international community. All acts
by nations and people should therefore be inspired by a deep respect for the
protection of the environmental resources upon which life itself depends.
12. The waste and misuse of resources in war and armaments should be prevented.
All countries should make a firm commitment to promote general and complete
disarmament under strict and effective international control, in particular in
the field of nuclear disarmament. Part of the resources thus released should be
utilized so as to achieve a better quality of life for humanity and particularly
the peoples of developing countries.
13. All persons have the right and
the duty to participate, individually and collectively in the elaboration and
implementation of policies and programmes of their human settlements.
14.
To achieve universal progress in the quality of life, a fair and balanced
structure of the economic relations between States has to be promoted. It is
therefore essential to implement urgently the New International Economic Order,
based on the Declaration and Programme of Action approved by the General
Assembly in its sixth special session, and on the Charter of Economic Rights and
Duties of States.
15. The highest priority should be placed on the
rehabilitation of expelled and homeless people who have been displaced by
natural or man-made catastrophes, and especially by the act of foreign
aggression. In the latter case, all countries have the duty to fully co-operate
in order to guarantee that the parties involved allow the return of displaced
persons to their homes and to give them the right to possess and enjoy their
properties and belongings without interference.
16. Historical
settlements, monuments and other items of national heritage, including religious
heritage, should be safeguarded against any acts of aggression or abuse by the
occupying Power.
17. Every State has the sovereign right to rule and
exercise effective control over foreign investments, including the transnational
corporations - within its national jurisdiction, which affect directly or
indirectly the human settlements programmes.
18. All countries,
particularly developing countries, must create conditions which make possible
the full integration of women and youth in political, economic and social
activities, particularly in the planning and implementation of human settlement
proposals and in all the associated activities, on the basis of equal rights, in
order to achieve an efficient and full utilization of available human resources,
bearing in mind that women constitute half of the world population.
19.
International co-operation is an objective and a common duty of all States, and
necessary efforts must therefore be made to accelerate the social and economic
development of developing countries, within the framework of favourable external
conditions, which are compatible with their needs and aspirations and which
contains the due respect for the sovereign equality of all States.
III.
Guidelines for action
1. It is recommended that Governments and
international organizations should make every effort to take urgent action as
set out in the following guidelines:
2. It is the responsibility of
Governments to prepare spatial strategy plans and adopt human settlement
policies to guide the socio-economic development efforts. Such policies must be
an essential component of an over-all development strategy, linking and
harmonizing them with policies on industrialization, agriculture, social
welfare, and environmental and cultural preservation so that each supports the
other in a progressive improvement in well-being of all mankind.
3. A
human settlement policy must seek harmonious integration or co-ordination of a
wide variety of components, including, for example, population growth and
distribution, employment, shelter, land use, infrastructure and services.
Governments must create mechanisms and institutions to develop
